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ISACA Practitioner Guidelines for Auditors and ISACA guidance

ISACA Practitioner Guidelines for Auditors and ISACA guidance About us Investors Partners Careers Solutions SOLUTIONS Zero Trust Suite Quantum-Safe Cryptography (QSC) SalaX Secure Collaboration Security Risk Assessment, Quantification & Mitigation By Topic Just-in-Time Access Secure vendor access Credentials & Secrets Management Hybrid & multi-cloud access management Interactive tour: Privileged Access in the Cloud M2M connections IT Audits & Compliance Secure file transfer By Industry Managed Service Providers (MSP) Operational Technology (OT) Federal Government Security Products SECURE ACCESS & SECRETS MANAGEMENT SECURE FILE TRANSFER & ENCRYPTION NQX™ quantum-ready encryption Tectia™ SSH Client/Server Tectia™ z/OS SalaX Secure Collaboration Secure Mail 2024 Secure Messaging 2024 SalaX Secure Collaboration Solutions SOLUTIONS PrivX Zero Trust Suite SalaX Secure Collaboration Strong ID-based access with Entra ID & Zero Trust Suite Quantum-Safe Cryptography (QSC) Security Risk Assessment, Quantification & Mitigation Device trust & access and identity verification Identity-based authentication & converged IAM and PAM TOPICS Just-in-Time Access Secure vendor access Credentials & Secrets Management Hybrid & Multi-Cloud Access Management Interactive tour: Privileged Access in the Cloud M2M Connections Management IT Audits & Compliance Secure File Transfer INDUSTRIES Managed Service Providers (MSP) Operational Technology (OT) Federal Government Security Healthcare Data Security OT Security IT/OT convergence of data & systems Zero Trust Access and ZSP Workflow approvals Secure remote access  Secure patch management  OT Compliance Discovery and threat intelligence Phishing-resistant MFA & device trust Products SalaX SECURE COLLABORATION Secure Mail Secure Messaging Secure Sign SalaX Secure Collaboration FQX File Encryptor SECURE ACCESS & SECRETS MANAGEMENT PrivX™ PAM PrivX™ OT Edition PrivX Key Manager SECURE FILE TRANSFER & ENCRYPTION Tectia™ SSH Server Tectia™ SSH Server for IBM z/OS PrivX Desktop NQX™ quantum-safe encryption Services SSH Risk Assessment™ Professional Services Support Contact us Customer cases PrivX Zero Trust PAM Enterprise Key Management UKM Tectia SFTP for servers & mainframes SSH Secure Collaboration Resources SSH Academy Content library Blog References Press releases Downloads Manuals Events & Webinars Media Legal Report a vulnerability Solutions SOLUTIONS PrivX Zero Trust Suite SalaX Secure Collaboration Strong ID-based access with Entra ID & Zero Trust Suite Quantum-Safe Cryptography (QSC) Security Risk Assessment, Quantification & Mitigation Device trust & access and identity verification Identity-based authentication & converged IAM and PAM TOPICS Just-in-Time Access Secure vendor access Credentials & Secrets Management Hybrid & Multi-Cloud Access Management Interactive tour: Privileged Access in the Cloud M2M Connections Management IT Audits & Compliance Secure File Transfer INDUSTRIES Managed Service Providers (MSP) Operational Technology (OT) Federal Government Security Healthcare Data Security OT Security IT/OT convergence of data & systems Zero Trust Access and ZSP Workflow approvals Secure remote access  Secure patch management  OT Compliance Discovery and threat intelligence Phishing-resistant MFA & device trust Products SalaX SECURE COLLABORATION Secure Mail Secure Messaging Secure Sign SalaX Secure Collaboration FQX File Encryptor SECURE ACCESS & SECRETS MANAGEMENT PrivX™ PAM PrivX™ OT Edition PrivX Key Manager SECURE FILE TRANSFER & ENCRYPTION Tectia™ SSH Server Tectia™ SSH Server for IBM z/OS PrivX Desktop NQX™ quantum-safe encryption Services SSH Risk Assessment™ Professional Services Support Contact us Customer cases PrivX Zero Trust PAM Enterprise Key Management UKM Tectia SFTP for servers & mainframes SSH Secure Collaboration Resources SSH Academy Content library Blog References Press releases Downloads Manuals Events & Webinars Media Legal Report a vulnerability About us Investors Partners Careers SSH Academy Cloud Cloud Access Management Cloud Applications Cloud Computing Cloud Computing Models Cloud Computing Pros and Cons Cloud Computing Security Cloud Computing Services: Characteristics Cloud Infrastructure Entitlement Management (CIEM) Cloud Security Buyer's Guide Cloud Security Maturity Model Cloud Service Providers IaaS Immutable Infrastructure in Modern IT PaaS SaaS Virtualization Technology Compliance Cybersecurity Compliance Basics of SSH Compliance Basics of SSH Key Compliance Basel III Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) Ensuring ISO 27001 with PAM Fips 200 GDPR HIPAA ISACA ISO 27001 NIS Directive A Guide to NIS2 Directive NIST Cybersecurity Framework NIST 2.0 Cybersecurity Framework NIST 7966 NIST 800-53 PCI-DSS Sans Top 20 Sarbanes Oxley Understanding PAM Standards Cryptography Cryptography Explained Cryptography and the Quantum Threat Encryption Key Management Private & Public Keys Quantum Computing & Post-Quantum Algorithms What is File Encryption? Identity and Access Management (IAM) What is Identity and Access Management (IAM)? What is IAM Zero Trust Framework? What is Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA)? A Guide to Zero Trust Architecture Active Directory Entra ID by Microsoft Ephemeral Certificates & Ephemeral Access Gartner CARTA How PAM Complements Existing IAM IAM vs PAM Identity Governance and Administration (IGA) Identity Management Jump Server Just-in-Time Access Just-in-Time Security Tokens Key IAM Concepts for IT Professionals Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) OpenID Connect (OIDC) Privileged Identity Management (PIM) Radius Sudo User Account Types User IDs Unified IAM-PAM solution Internet of Things (IoT) IoT Security IoT: Accessing IoT devices for SSH What is IIoT? Operational Technology What is OT Security? Best OT Security Solutions Best Practices for Secure Remote OT Access Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity: Key Concepts Explained How to Safeguard Your OT Network Without Separate IT/OT Solutions How to Secure IoT and OT Systems: A Practical Guide ICS OT Security Industrial Automation Cybersecurity: Key Considerations and Risks IT vs OT Navigating OT Security Standards OT, ICS, SCADA explained OT Risk Management: What It Is and Why You Need It OT Security Assessment OT Security Best Practices OT Security Essentials OT Governance: Key Principles for Effective Implementation PAM and IACS Integration PAM & IEC 62443 Access Control Standards PAM for Energy Sector PAM for Manufacturing PrivX for Energy Sector PrivX for Forestry Industry Remote Diagnostics for Ships Remote Maintenance of Pulp&Paper Machines SCADA Security Essentials: Your Need-to-Know Guide What Is OT Monitoring and Why Is It Important? What is the IT/OT Convergence? Why Is Zero Trust Access Important in OT? Password and Secrets Management A Guide to Passwordless and Keyless Authentication Break-Glass Access Credential Management System Password and Key Rotation Password Attack Types Password Generator Password Strength Best Practices Password Vaults Passwordless Authentication - Advantages Passwordless Authentication - Implementation Passwordless Explained pt. 1 Passwordless Explained pt. 2 Secrets Management Guide Secrets Vault Zero Standing Privileges (ZSP) Privileged Access Management AI in PAM for Predictive Security Automating PAM Best PAM Solutions 2025 Comparing PAM Solutions Challenges in Cross-Platform PAM Integrating PAM with SIEM KPIs for PAM Least Privilege PAM Best Practices PAM Checklist PAM Enhances Remote Work Security PAM Lifecycle Management PAM Vendors: Must-Have Capabilities for Effective Access Control Privileged Access Management (PAM) Privileged Access Management (PAM) in the Cloud PrivX MFA The Strategic Role of PAM PAM - IT Benefits for Different Industries PAM for Pharmaceuticals Data Security PAM for Healthcare PrivX PA; for Financial Industry Data PrivX PAM for Government and Public Sector PrivX PAM for Healthcare Industry PrivX PAM for Manufacturing PrivX PAM for Media and Entertainment Industry PrivX PAM for Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Data Privileged Accounts and Sessions Privilege Elevation and Delegation Management Privileged Account PrivX Against Privileged Account Hijacking Privileged Account and Session Management (PASM) Root Accounts Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) What is Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)? PKI Background PKI Certificates X.509 Certificates Secure Information Sharing (SIS) Business Email Compromise (BEC) Business Email Compromise: How to Prevent BEC Attacks Digital Signatures Email Phishing Enterprise Email Security Secure Data Sharing Secure Email Gateways (SEGs) Secure Shell (SSH) What is Secure Shell (SSH)? What is the Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol? Automated M2M Connections Network Monitoring OpenSSH OpenSSH Server Process (SSHD) Port 22 Remote File Copy (RCP) Remote Login (rlogin) Remote Shell (RSH) Secure File Copy (SCP) Session Key Single Sign-On (SSO) Using SSH Agent SSH Command SSH Configuration SSH for Windows SSH Software Downloads SSH Server SSH Server Configuration Tectia SSH Server Telnet WinSCP SSH protocol Vs Microsoft: A Comprehensive Guide Security Orchestration Basics of Security Orchestration Data Loss Prevention (DLP) Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) Security Operations Center (SOC) Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR) SFTP & Secure Remote Access File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Clients File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Legacy File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Servers Obsolescent Secure File Transfer Protocol (FTPS) Secure Remote Access (SRA) SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) SSH Clients What are SSH Clients? Tectia SSH Client PuTTY Background PuTTY Download PuTTY for Linux PuTTY for Mac PuTTY for Windows PuTTY for Windows Installation PuTTY Public Keys PuTTYgen for Linux PuTTYgen for Windows SSH Keys A Basic Overview of SSH Keys Authorized Key Authorized Keys File Authorized Keys in OpenSSH CAC and PIV Smartcards Copy ID Passphrase Passphrase Generator Public Key Authentication SSH Host Key SSH Key SSH Key Identities SSH Key Management SSH Key Proliferation SSH Keys for SSO SSH Keygen SSH Tunneling SSH Tunneling SSH Tunneling Example Hacks, Threats & Vulnerabilities BothanSpy & Gyrafalcon Breaches in Operational Technology Breaches Involving Passwords & Credentials GoScanSSH Malware Man-in-the-Middle Prevent Data Exfiltration with PrivX PAM PrivX PAM Against Malware & Ransomware Password Sniffing ISACA Practitioner Guidelines for Auditors Contents Background Overview How the guidance can assist audit engagements Conclusion Download the ISACA guidance Other sources of information Background ISACA and SSH Communications Security have partnered in an effort to bring visibility to an unknown access gap - SSH keys. Contributions for the guidance have come directly from practitioners, industry experts and SSH Communications Security to help the audit community be able to identify potential risks and then how to take action to address assurance considerations. The collective compliance and audit community have been able to leverage best practices in order to deliver a new guidance titled “SSH: Practitioner Considerations.”

SSH keys are everywhere in enterprises and they aren’t just an IT issue. Many organizations are unknowingly putting themselves at risk of not properly managing SSH keys and when combined with new compliance regulations such as GDPR the risks can easily be compounded.

Overview Given the fact that organizations have their own unique infrastructure, SSH keys remains the common technology deployed across all regardless of industry or geography. As a result of years of unmanaged deployments, out of the box enabled access and proliferating from one infrastructure component to the next, it is now more critical than ever to bring awareness to SSH keys.

The guidance is designed to help bring about awareness and instructs auditors, practitioners, risk assessors and governance professionals to include SSH keys in their risk plans, audit plans and ongoing governance activities.

How the guidance can assist audit engagements The guidance is a tool for audit and compliance professionals and it provides clear direction on why and how SSH keys need to be part of their compliance, audit and governance assessments. The document highlights, from an assurance point of view, the need to assess SSH keys and usage, associated privileged identity, complete logging and compliance. It also suggests controls, configuration options and other techniques to ensure robust and compliant management of SSH keys with actions to consider for the following:

Usage procedures: Implement access periodic reviews, document and disseminate security policies and standards and implement required IT controls.

Configuration Management: Create and Implement hardening configuration, periodically review the configuration, consider automated tools to manage configuration and apply integrity control checks and monitoring over critical files.

Ownership and accountability: Who owns SSH key management? Defined roles and responsibilities.

Deployment: Automation is critical for the success of SSH key deployments, standardization is required and access restrictions are required.

Provisioning: Inventory of keys, usage tracking and make part of the overall provisioning of users and accounts.

Governance: SSH keys are part of the overarching risk assessment process and part of IT audit plans.

Conclusion The use of SSH keys is everywhere! It is a critical component but it is often overlooked and has created an “Unknown Access Gap”. SSH Communications Security is uniquely positioned to be able to address a potential customer’s compliance and security needs for SSH keys with our proven solutions. Our solutions provide practitioners with the steps needed to ensure SSH usage is not ignored and that sufficient controls are in place to ensure continuous compliance.

By using our solutions, compliance professionals are able to get ahead of auditors and regulators all while mitigating security and accessing risk. We can assure our customers and prospects that we are committed to support them every step of the way in addressing the “Unknown Access Gap” created by mismanaged SSH keys!

Download the ISACA guidance Download the ISACA guidance

Other sources of information What are industry experts saying about the Guidance? Below are links to reputable and worthwhile articles by expert journalist in the audit and security industry:

Cyberscoop.com - Auditors get guidance on SSH key management

Darkreading.com - Businesses Fail to Properly Secure, Assess SSH: ISACA

SSH is a leading defensive cybersecurity company that secures communications between humans, systems, and networks. We specialize in Zero Trust Privileged Access Controls and Quantum Safe Network Security. Our customers include a diverse range of enterprises, from multiple Fortune 500 companies to SMBs across various sectors such as Finance, Retail, Technology, Industrial, Healthcare, and Government. 25% of Fortune 100 companies rely on SSH’s solutions. Recent strategic focus has expanded SSH business to Defence, Critical Infrastructure Operators, Manufacturing OT Security and Public Safety.

Leonardo S.p.A invests 20.0 million EUR in SSH, becoming the largest shareholder of the company. SSH solutions form a Center of Excellence for Zero Trust privileged access management and quantum-safe network encryption in Leonardo - a global industrial group that creates multi-domain technological capabilities in the Aerospace, Defence and Security sector with 17.8 billion EUR revenue in 2024. SSH company’s shares (SSH1V) are listed on Nasdaq Helsinki.

 

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